António Guterres said the world, particularly developing countries, is facing “a perfect storm”, with growing inequalities, climate chaos, conflicts and hunger. Meanwhile, fiscal space is tightening for many, with crushing debt burdens and skyrocketing prices.
“This is a recipe for global instability and suffering,” he said, speaking from Santiago, Chile.
Support for SDG Stimulus
The UN chief called for G20 members to help lead the way in financial justice and commended their support for his $500 billion annual stimulus plan to accelerate achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Mr. Guterres said he will establish a Leaders Group to monitor the implementation of the SDG Stimulus to enable $500 billion in additional long-term development finance.
Reform ‘unfair’ financial systems
He underscored the need to work to reform the current global financial architecture, describing it as “outdated, dysfunctional and unfair”, and commended the bloc’s action to reform multilateral development banks, as well as Brazil’s focus on global governance during its presidency of the forum.
However, “practical solutions must be tabled” at the Summit of the Future next September, he stressed, referring to the UN conference to reaffirm commitment to sustainable development.
Deliver on climate promises
Mr. Guterres is in Chile and will travel to Antarctica before heading to the UN climate conference COP28 which opens next week in Dubai.
He urged the G20 to deliver “an ambitious, credible and just outcome” to keep the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celcius above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement on climate change.
“This means getting the loss and damage fund up-and-running with early pledges, delivering all promised financial support, tripling renewables capacity, doubling energy efficiency, and bringing clean power to all by 2030,” he said.
“It also means phasing-out fossil fuels, with a clear timeframe aligned to the 1.5-degree limit.”
Israel-Hamas agreement
Mr. Guterres began his remarks by welcoming the agreement reached by Israel and Hamas on a humanitarian pause in Gaza and the release of hostages.
Convened by the Government of the United Kingdom, the day-long conference brought together representatives from more than 20 countries to shore up efforts to achieve zero hunger and end malnutrition, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Far off track
Speaking during a session on creating new approaches to ending preventable child deaths, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus warned that the world is far from reaching these objectives.
“By the time we have finished our meeting today, about 900 children will have died because they don’t have enough food or care – children whose lives have only just begun,” he said.
Of the 45 million under-fives who are wasted, more than a third have the most severe form of the condition, with the greatest risk of dying.
Weak and wasting
Tedros explained that a child who is moderately or severely wasted is 11 times more likely to die than a child who is not malnourished, often because their body is too weak to fight back against diarrhoea and pneumonia.
Although the factors that drive wasting vary, they are largely a result of poverty and rising food prices, preventable diseases, inadequate access to healthcare, and a lack of clean water, sanitation and hygiene.
“Conflict, the climate crisis, natural disasters and resource depletion all dramatically increase the risk of hunger and famine,” he said.
Maternal nutrition important
Tedros added that “malnutrition is also generational” as an infant’s nutritional status is closely linked to their mother’s before, during and after pregnancy.
Poor maternal nutrition impairs foetal development, contributing to low birthweight, wasting and poor growth.
Children who survive will suffer from malnutrition and ill health for most of their lives, and be stuck in a vicious cycle of poverty, debt, and ill-health.
Therapeutic food essential
He said severe acute malnutrition can be treated with therapeutic milks, foods and fluid support, according to the needs of the child.
However, although treatment coverage has increased, many children who need it cannot access sufficient care. WHO this year added ready-to-use therapeutic foods to its Essential Medicines List which he hopes will increase their production and availability while also reducing costs.
Tedros previewed some of the information in the guidance, which stresses the importance of adequate diet at home, access to quality health services, and early identification of both mothers in need and infants at risk of poor growth and development.
WHO is working with the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF, and other UN agencies to support governments and health workers to implement the recommendations and adapt them to country needs.
“We are seeing some encouraging signs of progress. Twenty-three countries have now completed country roadmaps to tackle wasting in children,” he reported.
“Now we must support these countries to turn their roadmaps into action and lives saved.”
In concluding, Tedros thanked the UK for convening the Summit and underlined that child deaths from wasting are predictable and preventable.
“WHO looks forward to working with all of you to make food a source of life and hope for all the children of our world,” he said.
The Oscar-winning actor helped the UN amplify the need for clean water in a South American village in a unique podcast (even before they were called podcasts) almost 70 years ago.
The star of On the Waterfront and Apocalypse Now was part of a growing number of celebrities to help the UN highlight needs across the world.
Listen to UN News’ Podcast Classics episode featuring Mr. Brando here, part of the UN News #ThrowbackThursday series showcasing pivotal moments across the UN’s past. From the infamous and nearly-forgotten to world leaders and global superstars, stay tuned for a taste of the UN Audiovisual Library’s 49,400 hours of video recordings and 18,000 hours of audio chronicling.
Visit our Podcast Classics series here and UN Video’s Stories from the UN Archive playlist here. Join us next Thursday for another dive into history.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin comes ahead of the UN climate change conference COP28 which opens in Dubai in two weeks.
Fossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – account for most greenhouse gas emissions, which trap the sun’s heat, leading to global warming and climate change.
Last year, global averaged concentrations of the most important greenhouse gas – carbon dioxide (CO2) – were a full 50 per cent above the pre-industrial era, marking a first, and continued to grow in 2023.
Going the wrong way
Methane concentrations also grew and levels of nitrous oxide, the third main gas, saw the highest year-on-year increase on record from 2021 to 2022.
“Despite decades of warnings from the scientific community, thousands of pages of reports and dozens of climate conferences, we are still heading in the wrong direction,” said Petteri Taalas, the WMO Secretary-General.
The current trajectory “puts us on the pathway of an increase in temperatures well above the Paris Agreement targets by the end of this century,” he added, referring to global efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
‘A matter of urgency’
As a result, countries will experience more extreme weather, including intense heat and rainfall, ice melt, sea-level rise and ocean heat and acidification.
“The socioeconomic and environmental costs will soar,” he warned. “We must reduce the consumption of fossil fuels as a matter of urgency.”
WMO explained that just under half of CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere, while over a quarter are absorbed by the ocean and just under 30 per cent by “land ecosystems” such as forests.
‘No magic wand’
As long as emissions continue, CO2 will continue accumulating in the atmosphere leading to global temperature rise. Furthermore, given its long life, the temperature level already observed will persist for several decades even if emissions are rapidly reduced to net zero.
The last time the Earth experienced a comparable concentration of CO2 was 3 to 5 million years ago, when the temperature was 2 to 3°Celsius warmer and sea level was 10 to 20 metres higher.
“There is no magic wand to remove the excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,” said Mr. Taalas.
A WMO initiative announced this year aims to ensure sustained, routine global monitoring of greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes to improve understanding around climate change and support action on mitigation.
Mr. Taalas said the Global Greenhouse Gas Watch “will greatly improve sustained observations and monitoring to support more ambitious climate goals.”
The urgency of this effort is underscored by the ongoing global plastic pollution crisis, where approximately 430 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually.
Around two-thirds of it is just thrown away, harming both the environment and the food chain.
Convening for its third session, the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-3) will focus on the so-called zero draft of the international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, released earlier this year, with the goal of concluding negotiations by the end of 2024.
Organizers are demanding a transition from the “throwaway economy” to a “reuse economy”.
The INC-3 will feature 12 side events addressing various aspects of plastic pollution, including sustainable production and consumption, the shift to a ‘circular plastic’ approach, and more.
Officials are underscoring the need to reduce plastic production, eliminate single-use and short-lived plastic products, and switch to non-plastic substitutes.
Text on the table
At a press-conference ahead of this week’s intensive talks leading to what delegates hope will be a global binding agreement, the INC’s PresidentGustavo Meza-Cuadra Velasquez said: “We are entering a very important phase of our negotiations…For the first time we are entering a discussion with a text.”
The session will feed into another round of draft discussions scheduled for April 2024 in Canada.
As the international community grapples with the plastic pollution crisis, the outcome of INC-3 could be a significant step forward.
The Zero Draft text of the international legally binding instrument, prepared by the Chair of the INC, with the support of the INC Secretariat, is now available in all six UN official languages.
To learn more about plastic pollution and its harm to the planet CLICK HERE
The assessment by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) looks at preliminary socio-economic impacts, warning that poverty could spike while Gross Domestic Product (GDP) could plummet by 8.4 per cent, which translates into a loss of $1.7 billion.
Lamenting the loss of life, suffering and ongoing destruction, the UN agencies underscored the need for a ceasefire and sustained flow of humanitarian aid as a critical first step.
Rising poverty, unprecedented destruction
Although the conflict is occurring in Gaza, spillover effects are being felt in the West Bank and also in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt.
Some 1.8 million people across the State of Palestine were already living in poverty before hostilities erupted on 7 October. The figure could soar by 34 per cent if fighting continues through a second month, meaning that nearly half a million additional people will be joining them.
Nowhere to go
Already 35,000 housing units in Gaza have been totally demolished, and around 212,000 partially damaged, which the agencies said is unprecedented. For comparison, it took four years of fighting in Syria to lose the same percentage of housing stock.
Gaza has a population of over two million and nearly 1.5 million residents are now internally displaced.
“If this war persists, the majority of Gaza’s population might find themselves with nowhere to go, to call home, or to stay,” said Rola Dashti, Executive Secretary at ESCWA, which is based in Beirut.
She added that a “horrifying” 96 per cent of Gazans now face unprecedented deprivation of all essential services and have fallen into what is known as multidimensional poverty.
GDP and jobs losses
Furthermore, the overall Palestine economy has lost four per cent of GDP in just one month, while 390,000 jobs have evaporated, said Abdallah Al Dardari, UNDP Assistant Secretary-General and Director of its Regional Bureau for Arab States.
Forty-five per cent of UNDP projects in Gaza have already been destroyed, he added. Health centres, solar power stations, water treatment plants, and centres that offer support for the private sector, small business and women are now gone.
“Even more important, if I may say, is the loss of human development,” he continued.
“After two months of fighting, Palestine, and not just Gaza, would have lost 16 years of human development, health and education and infrastructure and economic growth that would be wiped out. Palestine would go back to 2005.”
Slow road to recovery
Given the widespread displacement in Gaza since the beginning of the war, and the massive destruction of houses reportedly destroyed or damaged, the report predicts that the economic downturn will further exacerbate the catastrophic humanitarian situation and make recovery prospects challenging and slow.
Ms. Dashti urged the international community to unite and broker lasting peace.
“History teaches us that without sustainable peace, all stakeholders in this conflict will not only suffer more loss of lives in the future but their prospects for sustainable development meant will also be jeopardized and their hard-won gains of economic prosperity and social empowerment will be eroded,” she said.
The finding comes in the latest WHO Global Tuberculosis Report which reveals that 7.5 million people were diagnosed with TB in 2022 – the highest figure ever since the UN agency began global monitoring in 1995.
TB is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by a type of bacteria and spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. TB is both preventable and curable.
Access to health services
The rise in TB diagnosis was attributed to good recovery in access to, and provision of, health services in many countries, said the report, which features data from 192 nations.
India, Indonesia and the Philippines – which together accounted for over 60 per cent of the global reduction in new diagnoses in 2020 and 2021- all recovered to beyond 2019 levels last year.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO Director-General, recalled that TB had plagued previous generations for millennia. People suffered and died from the disease without knowing what it was, the cause, or how to stop it.
Writing ‘the final chapter’
“Today, we have knowledge and tools they could only have dreamed of,” he said. “We have political commitment, and we have an opportunity that no generation in the history of humanity has had: the opportunity to write the final chapter in the story of TB.”
Globally, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB in 2022, up from 10.3 million the previous year.
The majority were in the WHO Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Western Pacific, which together accounted for nearly 90 per cent. Smaller proportions were reported in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Americas, and Europe.
The total number of TB-related deaths, including those among people with HIV, stood at 1.3 million in 2022, down from 1.4 million the year before.
However, COVID-19 disruptions resulted in nearly half a million more deaths from TB during the period from 2020-2022, and the disease continues to be the leading killer among people with HIV.
Meanwhile, multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a public health crisis. Last year, an estimated 410,000 people developed it or another type that is resistant to the antibiotic rifampicin (MDR/RR-TB), but only two in five accessed treatment.
Although there is some progress in the development of new TB diagnostics, drugs and vaccines “this is constrained by the overall level of investment in these areas,” said WHO.
Missing the mark
Global efforts to combat TB have saved over 75 million lives since the year 2000, but action must be stepped up, the agency said, as it remained the world’s second leading infectious killer in 2022, behind COVID-19.
Despite the significant recovery in 2022, progress was insufficient to meet global targets set in 2018, with pandemic-related disruptions and ongoing conflicts being major contributing factors.
For example, the net decrease in TB-related deaths from 2015 to 2022 was 19 per cent, or far short of the goal of a 75 per cent reduction by 2025.
From commitment to action
At a meeting held during the High-Level Week of the UN General Assembly in September, the international community reinforced the 2018 commitments and targets, and set new ones for the period through 2027.
The new targets include reaching 90 per cent of people in need with TB prevention and care services, using a WHO-recommended rapid test as the first method of diagnosis, providing all patients with a health and social benefits package, ensuring the availability of at least one new safe and effective TB vaccine, and closing funding gaps.
The report emphasized that ending the global TB epidemic requires translating these commitments into real action.
The figure represents nearly 10 per cent of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), according to the 2023 edition of The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) – the agency’s flagship report – which covers 154 countries.
Acknowledgment and action
It introduces the concept of the hidden costs and benefits of agrifood systems, offering a framework through which they can be assessed.
The aim is to help decision makers steer global agrifood systems – the whole industry encompassing food and non-food agricultural production – towards greater sustainability.
“In the face of escalating global challenges: food availability, food accessibility and food affordability; climate crisis; biodiversity loss; economic slowdowns and downturns; worsening poverty; and other overlapping crises, the future of our agrifood systems hinges on our willingness to appreciate all food producers, big or small, to acknowledge these true costs, and understand how we all contribute to them, and what actions we need to take,” saidFAO Director-General Dongyu Qu.
Unhealthy diets, emissions and poverty
The report found that the biggest hidden costs, more than 70 percent, are driven by unhealthy diets that are high in ultra-processed foods, fats and sugars, leading to obesity and non-communicable diseases, and causing labour productivity losses. This is particularly the case in richer countries.
One fifth of the total costs are environment-related, from greenhouse gas and nitrogen emissions, land-use change and water use, with all countries affected.
Meanwhile, low-income countries are proportionately the hardest hit by hidden costs of agrifood systems, which represent more than a quarter of their GDP, compared to less than 12 percent in middle-income countries and less than eight percent in high-income countries.
Hidden costs associated with poverty and undernourishment are also the most significant in these nations.
More analysis needed
The report calls for more regular and detailed analysis by governments and the private sector of the hidden or “true” costs of agrifood systems through true cost accounting, followed by action.
Although there have been previous attempts at measurement, the FAO report is the first to disaggregate these costs down to the national level and ensure they are comparable across cost categories and between countries.
‘A call to action’
The UN agency will dedicate two consecutive editions of the SOFA report to the same theme, marking a first. The current report presents initial estimates, while the 2024 edition will focus on in-depth targeted assessments to identify the best ways to mitigate them such as through taxation, subsidies, and legislation.
FAO has urged governments to use “true cost” accounting to transform agrifood systems to address the climate crisis, poverty, inequality and food security, which will require investment and innovations in areas such as research, data collection and capacity building.
“I hope that this report will serve as a call to action for all partners – from policymakers and private-sector actors to researchers and consumers – and inspire a collective commitment to transform our agrifood systems for the betterment of all,” said Mr. Qu.
These sites promote biodiversity conservation with sustainable use and are located across 134 countries, with 21 new reserves added in the past two years alone.
The rapid expansion of this network testifies to the growing awareness that our common future depends upon reconciling lifestyle with greater respect for nature, said Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UN cultural agency, UNESCO, marking the International Day for Biosphere Reserves.
Tackling common challenges
“On this day, we celebrate the diversity of these sites: their resilience, the knowledge they generate and the example they set – for instance, through their support for the green economy, or their use of renewable energy sources,” she said.
“We celebrate the potential of biosphere reserves to tackle the great challenge of our times: making peace with the natural world. In this respect, biosphere reserves have much to offer.”
Biosphere reserves are not conventional protected areas but are places where over 275 million people live and work.
These sites exist wherever humans interact with nature and range in size from a single, small island community to vast, ecological corridors stretching across continents. They are also home to many indigenous peoples, who have essential understanding and knowledge of the Earth.
One example is the Serengeti-Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve in Tanzania, which covers a surface area of more than 4.3 million hectares.
It includes the Serengeti National Park and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and supports hundreds of thousands of animals such as wildebeest, gazelles, giraffes, cheetahs, leopards and antelopes. The reserve is also home to the indigenous Maasai people.
Reset and re-invent
“In these biosphere reserves, people reset and reinvent their relationship with the environment in tangible ways – by considering biodiversity conservation and sustainable development as compatible, mutually dependent goals,” said Ms. Azoulay.
Furthermore, their potential is driven by young people in particular, many of whom participate in UNESCO efforts to promote harmony with the natural world, she said.
Ms. Azoulay ended her message by inviting people everywhere to visit a biosphere reserve.
“You are sure to experience places that are truly remarkable, not only because they are home to natural wonders – but also because they are home to extraordinary people,” she said.
The recent launch of the UN-led AI Advisory Body advanced a growing global trend to harness machine learning to find solutions to common challenges. AI is upping the data crunching game and a growing number of governments, businesses and civil society partners are working together to reap its many benefits.
That includes speeding up and scaling efforts to realize such global ambitions as the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which serve as the world’s blueprint to make the planet greener, cleaner and fairer.
Ahead of the latest UN Climate Change Conference (COP 28), which begins at the end of November in Dubai, UN News looks at how AI helps the world, from communities to corporations to law makers, tackle climate change:
UN Photo/Elma Okic
Artificial intelligence can contribute to fighting climate change and supporting progress towards all the SDGs.
Weather
AI-driven technologies offer previously unheard-of capabilities to process enormous volumes of data, extract insightful knowledge and improve predictive models, according to the UN’s World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
That means improved modelling and predicting climate change patterns that can help communities and authorities to draft effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Several UN agencies support vulnerable communities in Burundi, Chad and Sudan through an AI-driven project to investigate past environmental change around displacement hotspots and deliver future projections to inform adaptation measures and anticipatory action for integration in humanitarian programming.
On the ground, enhanced data can be a game-changer. For instance, the MyAnga app helps Kenyan pastoralists brace for drought. With data from global meteorological stations and satellites sent to their mobile phones, herders can plan ahead, better manage their livestock and save hours of scouting for green pastures.
United Nations
SDG 13
Strengthen resilience and adaptation to climate-related hazards and natural disasters
Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaption, impact reduction and early warning
Raise capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
Disaster prevention
As extreme weather events unfold with more frequency and intensity, AI can help communities around the world to better brace for climate disasters.
AI-driven initiatives are targeting high-risk areas and feeding into local and national response plans. For areas susceptible to landslides, for example, mapping can help local authorities plan and implement sustainable development measures, reduce risks and ensure the safety of residents in vulnerable communities.
Related developments in AI and robotics were among the tools identified in a recent project led by WMO, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU). From enhancing accuracy in weather forecasts to reducing disaster risks, AI is already helping, according to WMO, which operates a disaster risk reduction programme and multi-hazard early warning system that serves countries, communities and humanitarian agencies.
Leveraging AI’s benefits is also part of the UN Secretary-General’s groundbreaking Early Warnings for All initiative. Launched earlier this year, the its action plan aims to ensure everyone on Earth is protected from hazardous weather, water or climate events through early warning systems by the end of 2027.
Artificial intelligence can support early warning systems to mitigate the effects of extreme weather events.
Tracking pollution
Ever wonder where urban air quality reports come from? Cities around the world already track pollution to alert the public in cases of dangerous levels.
Using AI, susceptibility maps can support local governments in making decisions to improve public health and urban resilience.
In addition, AI can improve urban planning as well as traffic and waste management, making cities more sustainable and liveable.
Carbon neutrality
AI can revolutionize the world’s approach to carbon neutrality and usher in an era of intelligent sustainability on a global scale at a time when the race is on to keep Earth from heating up to dangerous levels.
As a critical catalyst in realizing global carbon neutrality goals, AI’s algorithms have a key role to play in minimizing environmental impact and maximizing efficiency.
In terms of realizing the global goal for affordable and clean energy for all by 2030 (SDG 7), AI can optimize grids and increase the efficiency of renewable sources. Predictive maintenance using AI can also reduce downtime in energy production. That can mean reducing the planet’s carbon footprint.
United Nations
SDG 7
Increase share of renewable energy globally
Double global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
Expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern, sustainable energy services
Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology
International funding for clean energy in developing countries has dropped to just $10.8 billion in 2021 from a peak of $26.4 billion in 2017.
Fast fashion
As an industry with a record of high emissions, fashion can benefit from AI-driven research and development to accelerate innovation. The $2.4 trillion-dollar global industry that employs approximately 300 million people across the value chain, many of whom are women, and the scale of the industry is only expected to grow over the coming years.
Given its size and global reach, unsustainable practices within the fashion sector have important impacts on social and environmental development indicators, and without major changes to production processes and consumption patterns in fashion, the social and environmental costs of the sector will continue to mount, according to the UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion.
That’s where AI can step in. Machine learning can optimize supply chains to reduce waste, monitor resource consumption and promote sustainable manufacturing processes. AI can help to accelerate the energy transition by optimizing savings and improving efficiency across energy-intensive sectors.
The fashion industry is a major contributor to harmful emissions.
Fast food
Likewise with agriculture, another emissions-heavy sector. It accounts for 22 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to a UN climate assessment report, but AI-driven efforts can change that.
From corporations to small-scale farmers facing extreme weather events, water scarcity and land degradation, AI can help optimize their practices, reduce waste and minimize the environmental impact of food production. AI-driven smart grids can balance supply and demand, facilitating the integration of renewables into energy systems and reducing the reliance on fossil fuels.
This year’s Science and Innovation Forum, held in mid-October, focused on climate action. Hosted by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the week-long event showcased examples of technologies that aim to transform traditional practices into data-driven systems that protect people and the planet.
Among them, AI and digital tools are pivotal in building climate-resilient agrifood systems that are more efficient, sustainable and adaptable to climate change challenges, according to the agency.
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UN on AI
The UN has been exploring ways to leverage the potential of AI to drive change and impact across their issue areas. Here are just a few:
The UN System’s Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) and its High-Level Committee on Programmes (HLCP) established in 2020 the interagency working group on AI (IAWGAI), which is co-led by ITU and UNESCO.
The AI for Good platform, organized by ITU in partnership with 40 UN sister agencies, launched the Neural Network, an AI-powered community networking and content platform designed to help users build connections with innovators and experts. It also links innovative ideas with social impact opportunities.
ITU is working to identify gaps in UN AI-related activities in order to help the UN system prioritize strategic actions.
Multiple UN agencies are driving new competitions to find the best ways to advance climate action with AI. The winning entries will debut at COP 28 in late November. Learn more about the competitions here.
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